Biolo1100 Chapter 4 Cells
  1. Organisms are made of cells  , which are mostly small and can only be visualized with microscopes.













     
  2. The plasma membrane   that encloses all cells consists of a phospholipid bilayer   in which proteins are embedded.





     
  3. Prokaryotic cells lack nuclei or other membrane-bound organelles   and are encased in a rigid cell wall  .

     
  4. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles   and can be categorized into two main types: animal   cells and plant   cells



     
  5. The nucleus   contains the cell's genetic material DNA   and serves as the command and control center.

     
  6. The nucleus is closely associated with 2 other membranous organelles: the endoplasmic   reticulum and the Golgi   complex.



     
  7. Two organelles provide energy for the cell.
     
    • The mitochondrion is called the powerhouse of the cell because it is the site of aerobic respiration  , providing energy for the cell.

       
    • The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis   and are present in plants and algal cells.


     
  8. Central vacuoles   are storage centers in plant cells.

     
  9. Plants have cell walls   that function to support and protect the cell.

     
  10. The interior of the cell contains a network of protein fibers, called the cytoskeleton  , that provides support and mobility for the cell.

     
    • Cilia and flagella   are locomotor appendages that propel cells through the environment.




     
  11. Materials pass into and out of the cell passively through diffusion   and osmosis  .









     
  12. Large substances move into and out of the cell through bulk   transport mechanisms of endocytosis and exocytosis without crossing the plasma membrane.



     
  13. Active   transport requires energy to move substances up   (against) concentration gradients through a membrane protein.